Appendix

The following table lists all the early Christian documents cited in this volume by author. Where available, Cetedoc and TLG references are listed.

Writings

The following chronology will assist readers in locating patristic writers, writings and recipients of letters referred to in this patristic commentary. Persons are arranged chronologically according to the terminal date of the years during which they flourished (fl.) or, where that cannot be determined, the date of death or approximate date of writing or influence. Writings are arranged according to the approximate date of composition. This list is cummulative with respect to volumes of the ACCS released to date.

Josephus, Flavius, 37-c. 101

Clement of Rome (pope), regn. 92–101?

Ignatius of Antioch, d. c. 110–112

Letter of Barnabas, c. 130

Didache, c. 140

Shepherd of Hermas, c. 140/155

Marcion of Sinope, fl. 144, d. c. 154

Second Letter of Clement (so-called), c. 150

Polycarp of Smyrna, c. 69–155

Justin Martyr (of Flavia Neapolis in Palestine), c. 100/110–165, fl. c. 148–161

Montanist Oracles, c. latter half-2nd cent.

Theophilus of Antioch, late second century

Tatian the Syrian, c. 170

Athcnagoras of Athens, c. 177

Irenaeus of Lyons, b. c. 135, fl. 180–199; d. c. 202

Clement of Alexandria, b. c. 150, fl. 190–215

Tertullian of Carthage, c. 155/160–225/250;

fl. c. 197–222

Caliistus of Rome (pope), regn. 217–222

Hippolytus of Rome, d. 235

Minucius Felix of Rome, fl. 218/235

Origen of Alexandria, b. 185, fl. c. 200–254

Novatian of Rome, fl. 235–258

Cyprian of Carthage, fl. 248–258

Dionysius the Great of Alexandria, fl. c. 247–265

Gregory Thaumaturgus (the Wonderworker), c. 213–270/275

Commodian, c. third or fifth century

Euthalius the Deacon, fourth century?

Victorinus of Petovium (Pettau), d. c. 304 Methodius of Olympus, d. c. 311

Lactantius (Africa), c. 250–325; fl. c. 304–321

Eusebius of Caesarea, b. c. 260/263; fl. c. 315–340

Aphrahat (Aphraates), c. 270-c. 345

Pachomius, c. 292–347

Hegemonius (Pseudo-Archelaus), fl. c. 325–350

Cyril of Jerusalem, c. 315–386; fl. c. 348

Eusebius of Emesa, c. 300-c. 359

Marius Victorinus, c. 280/285-c. 363; fl. 355–363

Acacius of Caesarea, d. 366

Macedonius of Constantinople, d. c. 362

Hilary of Poitiers, c. 315–367; fl. 350–367

Potamius of Lisbon, fl. c. 350–360

Athanasius of Alexandria, c. 295–373: fl. 325–373

Ephrem the Syrian, b. c. 306; fl. 363–373

Macrina the Younger, c. 327–380

Basil the Great of Caesarea, b. c. 330; fl. 357–379

Gregory of Nazianzus, b. 329/330, fl. 372–389

Macarius of Egypt, c. 300-c. 390

Pseudo-Macarius, fl.c.390

Gregory of Nyssa. c. 335–394

Amphilochius of Iconium. c. 340/345-post 394

Paulinus of Nola. 355–431; fl. 389–396

Ambrose of Milan, c. 333–397: fl. 374–397

Didymus the Blind, c. 313–398

Evagrius of Pontus, 345–399; fl. 382–399

Syriac Book of Steps (Liber Graduum), c. 400

Apostolic Constitutions, c. 400

Severian of Gabala, fl. c. 400

Prudentius, c. 348-after 405

John Chrysostom. 344/354–407; fl. 386–407

Jerome, c. 347–420

Maximus of Turin, d. 408/423

Pelagius, c. 350/354-c. 420/425

Sulpicius Severus, c. 360-c. 420

Palladius, c. 365–425; fl. 399–420

Theodore of Mopsuestia, c. 350–428

Honoratus of Arles, fl. 425, d. 429/430

John Cassian, c. 360–432

Fastidius, c. Fourth-fifth centuries

Hesychius of Jerusalem, fl. 412–450

Eucherius of Lyins, fl. 420–449

Valerian of Cimiez, fl. C. 422–439

Sixtus III of Rome (pope), regn. 432–440

Cyril of Alexandria, 375–444; fl. 412–444

Pseudo-Victor of Antioch, fifth century Ammonius, c. fifth century Peter Chrysologus, c. 405–450

Leo the Great of Rome (pope), regn. 440–461

Theodoret of Cyr. 393–466; fl. 447–466

Basil of Selucia, fl. 440–468

Salvian the Presbyter of Marseilles, c. 400-c. 480

Hilary of Arles, c. 401–449

Euthymius (Palestine), 377–473

Diadochus of Photice. c. 400–474

Gennadius of Constantinople, d. 471; fl. 458–471

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, c. 482-c. 532; fl c. 500

Symmachus of Rome (pope), regn. 498–514

Jacob of Sarug, 451–521

Philoxenus of Mabbug, c. 440–523

Fulgentius of Ruspe, c. 467–532

Severus of Antioch, c. 465–538

Caesarius of Arles, 470–542

Dorotheus of Gaza, fl. c. 525

Cyril of Scythopolis, b. 525; fl. c. 550

Paschasius of Dumium, c. 515-c. 580

Leander, c. 545-c. 600

Oecumenius, sixth century

Gregory the Great (pope), 540–604; regn. 590–604

Isidore of Seville, c. 560–636

Sahdona (Marryrius), fl. 635–640

Braulio of Saragossa, c. 585–651

Maximus the Confessor, c. 580–662

Isaac of Nineveh, d.c. 700

Bede the Venerable, 673–735

John of Damascus, c. 645-c. 749

Isho’dad of Merv, fl. c. 850

Symeon the New Theologian, c. 949–1022

Theophylact of Ohrid, c. 1050-c. 1108

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Biographical Sketches & Short Descriptions f Select Anonymous Works This listing is cumulative, including all the authors and works cited in this series to date.

Alexander of Alexandria (fl. 312–328). Bishop of Alexandria and predecessor of Athanasius, upon whom he asserted considerable theological influence during the rise of Arianism. Alexander excommunicated Arius, whom he had appointed to the parish of Baucalis, in 319. His teaching regarding the eternal generation and divine substantial union of the Son with the Father was eventually confirmed at the Council of Nicea (325).

Ambrose of Milan. (c. 333–397; fl. 374–397). Bishop of Milan and teacher of Augustine who defended the divinity of the Holy Spirit and the perpetual virginity of Mary.

Ambrosiaster (fl. c. 366–384). Name given by Eramus to the author of a work once thought to have been composed by Ambrose.

Ammonius (c. seventh century). Monk who collected commentary from earlier writers to form a catena on 1 5 1

various biblical books.

Aphrahat (c. 270–350 fl. 337–345). “The Persian Sage” and first major Syriac writer whose work survives. He is also known by his Greek name Aphraates.

Apollinarius of Laodicea (310-c. 392). Bishop of Laodicea who was attacked by Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nissa and Theodore for denying that Christ had a human mind.

Apostolic Constitutions (c. 381–394). Thought to be the work of the Arian bishop Julian of Neapolis. The work is divided into eight books, and is primarily a collection of and expansion on previous works such as the Didache (c. 140) and Apostolic Traditions. Book 8 ends with eighty-five canons from various sources and is elseshere known as the Apostolic Canons.

Arius (fl. c. 320). Heretic condemned at the Council of Nicaea (325) for refusing to accept that the Son was not a creature but was God by nature like the Father.

Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 295–373; fl. 325–373). Bishop of Alexandria from 328, thought often in exile. He wrote his classical polemics against the Arians while most of the eastern bishops were against him.

Athenagoras (fl. 176–180). Early Christian philosopher and apologist from Athens, whose only authenticated writing, A Plea Regarding Christians, is addressed to the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodius, and defends Christians from the common accusations of atheism, incest and cannibalism.

Augustine of Hippo (354–430). Bishop of Hippo and a voluminous writer on philosophical, exegetical, theological and ecclesiological topics. He formulated the Western doctrines of predestination and original sin in his writings against the Pelagians.

Babai the Great (d. 628). Syriac monk who founded a monastery and school in his region of Beth Zabday and later served as third superior at the Great Convent of Mount Izla during a period of crisis in the Nestorian church.

Basil the Great (b.c. 330; fl. 357–379). One of the Cappadocian fathers, bishop of Caesarea and champion of the teaching on the Trinity propounded at Nicaea in 325. He was a great administrator and founded a monastic rule.

Basilides (fl. second century). Alexandrian heretic of the early second century who is said to have believed that souls migrate from body to body and that we do not sin if we lie to protect the body from martyrdom.

Bede the Venerable (c. 672/673–735). One of the most learned men of his age and author of An Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Born in Northumbria, at the age of seven Bede was put under the care of the Benedictine monks of Saints Peter and Paul at Jarrow and given a broad classical education in the monastic c tradition.

Book of Steps (c. 400). Anonymous Syriac work consisting of thirty homilies or discourses and which specifically deal with the more advanced stages of growth in the spiritual life.

Benedict of Nursia (c. 480–547). Considered the most important figure in the history of Western monasticism.

Benedict founded many monasteries, the most notable found at Montecassino, but his lasting influence lay in his famous Rule. The Rule outlines the theomonastic ideal while also legislating the shape and organization of the coenobicic life.

Braulio of Saragossa (c. 585–651). Bishop of Saragossa 631–651 and noted writer of the Visigothic renaissance.

His Life of St. Aemilianus is his crowning literary achievement.

Caesarius of Arles (c. 470–542). Bishop of Arles from 503 known primarily for his pastoral preaching.

Cassian, John (360–432). Author of a compilation of ascetic sayings highly influential in the development of Western monasticism.

Cassiodorus (c.485-c. 540). Founder of Western monasticism whose writings include valuable histories and less valuable commentaries.

Chromatius (fl. 400). Friend of Rufinus and Jerome and author of tracts and sermons.

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–215). A highly educated Christian convert from paganism, head of the catechetical school in Alexandria and pioneer of Christian scholarship. His major works, Protrepticus, Paedagogus and the Stromata. bring Christian doctrine face to face with the ideas and achievements of his time.

Clement of Rome (fl. c. 92–101). Pope whose Epistle to the Corinthians is one of the most important documents of subapostolic times.

Commodian (c. third or fifth century). Poet of unknown origin (possibly Syrian?) whose two surviving works focus on the Apocalypse and Christian apologetics.

Cyprian of Carthage (fl. 248–258). Martyred bishop of Carthage who maintained that those baptized by schismatics and heretics had no share in the blessings of the church.

Cyril of Alexandria (375–444; fl. 412–444). Patriarch of Alexandria whose strong espousal of the unity of Christ 1 5 2

led to the condemnation of Nestorius in 431.

Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 315–386; fl. c. 348). Bishop of Jerusalem after 350 and author of Catechetical Homilies.

Diadochus of Photice (c. 400–474). Antimonophysite bishop of Epirus Vetus whose work Discourse on the Ascension of Our Lord Jesus Christ exerted influence in both the East and West through its Chalcedonian Christology. He is also the subject of the mystical Vision of St. Diadochus bishop of Photice in Epirus.

Didache (c. 140). A text of unknown authorship, that intertwines Jewish ethics with Christian liturgical practice to form a whole discourse on the “way of life.” It exerted an enormous amount of influence in the patristic period and was especially used in the training of catechumen.

Didymus the Blind (c. 313–398). Alexandrian exegete who was much influenced by Origen and admired by Jerome.

Dionysius the Areopagite. The name long given to the author of four mystical writings, probably from the late fifth century, which were the foundation of the apophatic school of mysticism in their denial that anything can be truly predicated of God.

Dorotheus of Gaza (fl. c. 525). Member of abbot Serido’s monastery and later leader of a monastery where he wrote Spiritual Instructions. He also wrote a work on traditions of Palestinian monasticism.

Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 315–403). Bishop of Salamis in Cyprus, author of a refutation of eighty heresies (the Panarion) and instrumental in the condemnation of Origen.

Ephrem the Syrian (b. c. 306; fl. 363–373). Syrian writer of commentaries and devotional hymns which are sometimes regarded as the greatest specimens of Christian poetry prior to Dante.

Eucherius of Lyons (fl. 420–449). Bishop of Lyons c. 435–449. Born into an aristocratic family, he, along with his wife and sons, joined the monastery at Lerins soon after its founding.

Eunomius (d. 393). Bishop of Cyzicyus who was attacked by Basil and Gregory of Nyssa for maintaining that the Father and the Son were of different natures, one ingeneratc, one generate.

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260/263–340). Bishop of Caesarea, partisan of the emperor Constantine and flrst historian of the Christian church. He argued that the truth of the gospel had been foreshadowed in pagan writings but had to defend his own doctrine against suspicion of Arian sympathies.

Eusebius of Emesa (c. 300-c. 359). Bishop of Emesa from c. 339. A biblical exegete and writer on doctrinal subjects, he displays some semi-Arian tendencies of his mentor Eusebius of Caesarea.

Eusebius of Vercelli (fl. c. 360). Bishop of Vercelli who supported the trinitarian teaching of Nicaea (325) when it was being undermined by compromise in the West.

Fastidius (c. fourth-fifth centuries). British author of On the Christian Life. He is believed to have written some works attributed to Pelagius.

Faustinus (fl. 380). A priest in Rome and supporter of Lucifer and author of a treatise on the Trinity.

Filastrius (fl. 380). Bishop of Brescia and author of a compilation against all heresies.

Fulgentius of Ruspe (c. 467–532). Bishop of Ruspe and author of many orthodox sermons and tracts under the influence of Augustine.

Gaudentius of Brescia (fl. 395). Successor of Filastrius as bishop of Brescia and author of numerous tracts.

Gennadius of Constantinople (d. 471). Patriarch of Constantinople, author of numerous commentaries and an opponent of the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria.

Gnostics. Name now given generally to followers of Basitides. Marcion, Valentinus, Mani and others. The characteristic belief is that matter is a prison made for the spirit by an evil or ignorant creator, and that redemption depends on fate, not on free will.

Gregory of Elvira (fl. 359–385). Bishop of Elvira who wrote allegorical treatises in the style of Origen and defended the Nicene faith against the Arians.

Gregory of Nazianzus (b. 329/330; fl. 372–389). Bishop of Nazianzus and friend of Basil and Gregory of Nyssa.

He is famous for maintaining the humanity of Christ as well as the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity.

Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335–394). Bishop of Nyssa and brother of Basil. He is famous for maintaining the equality in unity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

Gregory the Great (c. 540–604). Pope from 590, the fourth and last of the Latin “Doctors of the Church.” He was a prolific author and a powerful unifying force within the Latin Church, initiating the liturgical reform that brought about the Gregorian Sacramentary and Gregorian chant.

Hesychius of Jerusalem (fl. 412–450). Presbyter and exegete, thought to have commented on the whole of Scripture.

Hilary of Arles (c. 401–449). Archbishop of Arles and leader of the Semi-Pelagian party. Hilary incurred the wrath of Pope Leo I when he removed a bishop from his see and appointed a new bishop. Leo demoted Arles from a metropolitan see to a bishopric to assert papal power over the church in Gaul.

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Hilary of Poitiers (c. 315–367). Bishop of Poitiers and called the “Athanasius of the West” because of his defense (against the Arians) of the common nature of Father and Son.

Hippolytus (fl. 222–245). Recent scholarship places Hippolytus in a Palestinian context, personally familiar with Origen. Though he is known mostly for The Refutation of All Heresies, he was primarily a commentator on Scripture (especially the Old Testament) and other sacred texts.

lgnatius of Antioch (c. 35–107/112). Bishop of Antioch who wrote several letters to local churches while being taken from Antioch to Rome to be martyred. In the letters, which warn against heresy, he stresses orthodox Christology, the centrality of the Eucharist and unique role of the bishop in preserving the unity of the church.

Irenaeus of Lyon (c. 135-c. 202). Bishop of Lyons who published the most famous and influential refutation of Gnostic thought.

Isaac of Nineveh (d. c. 700). Also known as Isaac the Syrian or Isaac Syrus.This monastic writer served for a short while as bishop of Nineveh before retiring to live a secluded monastic life. His writings on ascetic subjects survive in the form of numerous homilies.

Isho’dad of Merv (fl. c. 850). Nestorian commentator of the ninth century. He wrote especially on James, 1

Peter and 1 John.

Jerome (c. 347–420). Gifted exegete and exponent of a classical Latin style, now best known as the translator of the Latin Vulgate. He defended the perpetual virginity of Mary, attacked Origen and Pelagius and supported extreme ascetic practices.

John Chrysostom (344/354–407; fl. 386–407). Bishop of Constantinople who was famous for his orthodoxy, his eloquence and his attacks on Christian laxity in high places.

John of Damascus (c. 650–750). Arab monastic and theologian whose writings enjoyed great influence in both the Eastern and Western Churches. His most famous writing was the Orthodox Faith.

John the Elder (c. eighth century.. A Syriac author who belonged to monastic circles of the Church of the East and lived in the region of Mount Qardu (north Iraq). His most important writings are twenty-two homilies and a collection of fifty-one short letters in which he describes the mystical life as an anticipatory experience of the resurrection life, the fruit of the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist.

Josephus, Flavius (c. 37-c. 101). Jewish historian from a distinguished priestly family. Acquainted with the Essenes and Sadducees, he himself became a Pharisee. He joined the great Jewish revolt that broke out in 66

and was chosen by the Sanhedrin at Jerusalem to be commander-in-chief in Galilee. Showing great shrewdness to ingratiate himself with Vespasian by foretelling his elevation and that of his son Titus to the imperial dignity, Josephus was restored his liberty after 69 when Vespasian become emperor.

Justin Martyr (c. 100/110–165, fl. c. 148–161). Palestinian philosopher who was converted to Christianity, “the only sure and worthy philosophy.” He traveled to Rome where he wrote several apologies against both pagans and Jews, combining Greek philosophy and Christian theology; he was eventually martyred.

Leander (c. 545-c. 600). Latin ecclesiastical writer, of whose works only two survive. He was instrumental is spreading Christianity among the Visigoths, gaining significant historical influence in Spain in his time.

Leo the Great (regn. 440–461). Bishop of Rome whose Tome to Flavian helped to strike a balance between Nestorian and Cyrilline positions at the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Letter of Barnabas (c. 130). An allegorical and typological interpretation of the Old Testament with a decidedly anti-Jewish tone. It was included with other New Testament works as a “Catholic epistle” at least until Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260/263–340) questioned its authenticity.

Letter to Diognetus (c. third century). Essentially a refutation of paganism and an exposition of the Chriscian life and faith. The author of this letter is unknown, and the exact identity of its recipient. Diognetus, continues

to elude patristic scholars.

Lucifer (fl. 370). Bishop of Cagliari and fanatical partisan of Athanasius. He and his followers entered into schism after refusing to acknowledge less orthodox bishops appointed by the Emperor Constantius.

Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-c. 390). One of the Desert Fathers. Accused of supporting Athanasius, Macarius was exiled c. 374 to an island in the Nile by Lucius, the Arian successor of Athanasius. Macarius continued his teaching of monastic theology until his death.

Macrina the Younger (c. 327–380). The elder sister of Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa. She is known as

“the Younger” to distinguish her from her paternal grandmother. She had a powerful influence on her younger brothers, especially on Gregory, who called her his teacher and relates her teaching in On the Soul and the Resurrection.

Manichaeans. A religious movement that originated c. 241 in Persia under the leadership of Mani but was apparently of complex Christian origin. It is said to have denied free will and the universal sovereignty of God, teaching that kingdoms of light and darkness are coeternal and that the redeemed are particles of a spiritual man of light held captive in the darkness of matter (see Gnostics).

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Marcion (fl. 144). Heretic of the mid-second century who rejected the Old Testament and much of the New Testament, claiming that the Father of Jesus Christ was other than the Creator God (see Gnostics).

Marius Victorinus (b. c. 280/285; fl. c. 355363). Grammarian who translated works of Platonists and, after his late conversion (c. 355), used them against the Arians.

Mark the Hermit (c. sixth century). Monk who lived near Tarsus and produced works on ascetic practices as well as christological issues.

Maximus of Turin (d. 408/423). Bishop of Turin who died during the reigns of Honorius and Theodosius the Younger (408–423). Over one hundred of his sermons survive.

Maximus the Confessor (c. 580–662). Greek theologian and ascetic writer. Fleeing the Arab invasion of Jerusalem in 614, he took refuge in Constantinople and later Africa. He died near the Black Sea after imprisonment and severe suffering. His thought centered on the humanity of Christ.

Methodius of Olympus (fl. 290). Bishop of Olympus who celebrated virginity in a Symposium partly modeled on Plato’s dialogue of that name.

Montanist Oracles. An apocalyptic and strictly ascetic movement begun in the latter half of the second century by a certain Montanus in Phrygia, who, along with certain of his followers, uttered oracles they claimed were inspired by the Holy Spirit. Little of the authentic oracles remains and most of what is known of Montanism comes from the author who wrote against the movement. Montanism was formally condemned as a heresy before by Asiatic synods.

Nemesius of Emesa (fl. late fourth century). Bishop of Emesa in Syria whose most important work, Of the Nature of Man, draws on several theological and philosophical sources and is the first exposition of a Christian anthropology.

Nestorius (b. 381; fl. 430). Patriarch of Constantinople 428–431 and credited with the foundation of the heresy which says that the divine and human natures were associated, rather than truly united, in the incarnation of Christ.

Nicetas of Remesiana (fl. second half of fourth century). Bishop of Remesiana in Serbia, whose works affirm the consubstantiality of the Son and the deity of the Holy Spirit.

Novatian of Rome (fl. 235–258). Roman theologian, otherwise orthodox, who formed a schismatic church after failing to become pope. His treatise on the Trinity states the classic Western doctrine.

Oecumenius (sixth century). Called the Rhetor or the Philosopher. Oecumenius wrote the earliest extant Greek commentary on Revelation. Scholia by Oecumenius on some of John Chrysostom’s commentaries on the Pauline Epistles are still extant.

Origen of Alexandria (b. 185; fl. c. 200–254). Influential exegete and systematic theologian. He was condemned (perhaps unfairly) for maintaining the preexistence of souls while denying the resurrection of the body, the literal truth of Scripture and the equality of the Father and the Son in the Trinity.

Pachomius (c. 292–347). Founder of cenobitic monasticism. A gifted group leader and author of a set of rules, he was defended after his death by Athanasius of Alexandria.

Paschasius of Dumium (c. 515-c. 580). Translator of sentences of the Desert Fathers from Greek into Latin while a monk in Dumium.

Pelagius (c. 354-c. 420). Christian teacher whose followers were condemned in 418 and 431 for maintaining that a Christian could be perfect and that salvation depended on free will.

Peter Chrysologus (c. 380–450). Latin archbishop of Ravenna whose teachings ticluded arguments for the supermacy of the papacy and the relationship between grace and Chistian living.

Philoxenus of Mabbug (c. 440–523). Bishop of Mabbug (Hierapolis) and a leading thinker in the early Syrian Orthodox Church. His extensive writings in Syriac include a set of thirteen Discourses on the Christian Life, several works on the incarnation and a number of exegetical works.

Poemen (c. fifth century). A common title among early Egyptian desert ascetics. One-seventh of the saying in the Sayings of the Desert Fathers are attributed to Poemen, which is Greek for shepherd. It is unknown whether all of the sayings come from one person.

Polycarp of Smyrna (c. 69–155). Bishop of Smyrna who vigorously fought heretics such as the Marcionites and Valentinians. He was the leading Christian figure in Roman Asia in the middle of the second century.

Potamius of Lisbon (fl. c. 350–360). Bishop of Lisbon who joined the Arian party in 357, but later returned to the Catholic faith (c. 359?). His works from both periods are concerned with the larger Trinitarian debates of his time.

Prudentius (c. 348-c. 410). Latin poet and hymnwriter who devoted his later life to Christian writing. He wrote didactic poems on theology of the incarnation, against the heretic Marcion and against the resurgence of paganism.

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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (fl. c. 500). Author who assumed the name of Dionysius the Areopagite mentioned in Acts 17:34, and who composed the works known as the Corpus Areopagiticym (or Dinysiacum), although the author’s true identity remains a mystery.

Pseudo-Macarius (fl. c. 390). An imaginative writer and ascetic from Mesopotamia to eastern Asia Minor with keen insight into human nature and clear articulation of the theology of the Trinity. His work includes some one hundred discourses and homilies.

Quodvultdeus (fl. 430). Carthaginian deacon and friend of Augustine who endeavored to show at length how the New Testament fulfilled the Old Testament.

Rufinus of Aquileia (c. 345–411). Orthodox Christian thinker and historian who nonetheless translated Origen and defended him against the strictures of Jerome and Epiphanius.

Sabellius (fl. 200). Allegedly the author of the heresy which maintains that the Father and Son are a single person. The patripassian variant of this heresy states that the Father suffered on the cross.

Sahdona (fl. 635–640). Known in Greek as Martyrius. This Syriac author was bishop of Beth Garmai for a short time. His most important work is the deeply scriptural Book of Perfection, which ranks as one of the masterpieces of Syriac monastic literature.

Salvian the Presbyter of Marseilles (c. 400-c. 480). An important author for the history of his own time. He saw the fall of Roman civilization to the barbarians as a consequence of the reprehensible conduct of Roman Christians.

Second Letter of Clement (c. 150). The earliest surviving Christian sermon probably written by a Corinthian author, though some scholars have assigned it to a Roman or Alexandrian author.

Severian of Gabala (fl. c. 400). A contemporary of John Chrysostom. Severian was a highly regarded preacher in Constantinople, particularly at the imperial court, and ultimately sided with Chrysostom’s accusers. His sermons are dominated by antiheretical concerns.

Severus of Antioch (c. 465–538). A monophysite theologian, consecrated bishop of Antioch in 522. Severus believed that Christ’s human nature was an annex to his divine nature and argued that if Christ were both divine and human, he would necessarily have been two persons.

Shepherd of Hermas (second century). A Christian apocalypse divided into five Visions, twelve Mandates and ten Similitudes. Written by a former slave and named for the form of the second angel said to have granted him his visions, this work was highly esteemed for its moral value and was used as a textbook for catechumens in the early church.

Sulpicius Severus (c. 360-c. 420). An ecclesiastical writer born of noble parents. Devoting himself to monastic retirement, he became a personal friend and enthusiastic disciple of St. Martin of Tours. His ordination to the priesthood is vouched for by Gennadius, but no details of his priestly activity have reached us.

Symeon the New Theologian (c. 949–1022). Compassionate spiritual leader known for his strict rule. He believed that the divine light could be perceived and received through the practice of mental prayer.

Tcrtullian of Carthage (c. 155/160–225/250; fl. c. 197–222). Brilliant Carthaginian apologist and polemicist who laid the foundations of Christology and trinitarian orthodoxy in the West, though he himself was estranged from the main church by its laxity.

Theodore of Mopsuestia (c. 350–428). Bishop of Mopsuestia, founder of the Antiochene, or literalistic, school of exegesis. A great man in his day, he was later condemned as a precursor of Nestorius.

Theodoret of Cyr (c. 393–466). Bishop of Cyr (Cyrrhus). He was an opponent of Cyril, whose doctrine of Christs person was finally vindicated in 451 at the Council of Chalcedon.

Theophylact of Ohrid (c. 1050-c. 1108). Byzantine archbishop of Ohrid (or Achrida) in what is now Bulgaria.

Drawing on earlier works, he wrote commentaries on several Old Testament books and all of the New Testament except for Revelation.

Valentinus (fl. c. 140). Alexandrian heretic of the mid-second century who taught that the material world was created by the transgression of God;s Wisdom, or Sophia (see Gnostics).

Valerian of Cimiez (fl. c. 422–439). Bishop of Cimiez. He participated in the councils of Riez (439) and Vaison (422) with a view to strengthening church discipline. He supported Hilary of Arles in quarrels with Pope Leo I.

Vincent of Lerins (d. 435). Monk who exerted considerable influence through his writings on orthodox dogmatic theological method, as contrasted with the theological methods of the heresies.

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